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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
09:30

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Published on: December 18, 2016

Triple echo steady-state (TESS) relaxometry.

Rahel Heule1, Carl Ganter, Oliver Bieri

  • 1Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new triple echo steady-state (TESS) method enables rapid T1 and T2 relaxometry in a single scan. This technique is bias-free for T2 and offers improved accuracy, especially for musculoskeletal imaging.

Keywords:
T1T2fast imagingquantificationrelaxometrytriple echo steady-state

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Quantitative Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Rapid imaging techniques for relaxometry are valuable but susceptible to field heterogeneities and T2/T1 bias.
  • Existing methods often struggle with accuracy due to static (B0) and transmit (B1) field inhomogeneities.
  • T1 and T2 relaxometry are crucial for tissue characterization, but rapid methods often compromise precision.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid T1 and T2 relaxometry method that minimizes or eliminates bias from field heterogeneities and T2/T1 effects.
  • To introduce a novel technique for simultaneous T1 and T2 quantification in a single magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.
  • To create a robust relaxometry approach suitable for high-resolution mapping, particularly in challenging environments.

Main Methods:

  • A triple echo steady-state (TESS) approach was combined with an iterative golden section search for simultaneous T1 and T2 quantification.
  • The TESS relaxometry method was optimized and validated using simulations, in vitro experiments, and in vivo studies.
  • The method was evaluated for its performance under static (B0) and transmit (B1) field heterogeneities.

Main Results:

  • TESS relaxometry demonstrated insensitivity to B0 heterogeneities and was found to be T2/T1 bias-free.
  • Surprisingly, TESS-T2 estimation was not affected by B1 field errors, a significant advantage over other methods.
  • Excellent agreement was observed between TESS and reference spin echo data for T2 measurements in vitro (1.5 T) and in vivo (3 T).

Conclusions:

  • The TESS method provides rapid T1 and T2 quantification within a single scan, offering B1-insensitive T2 estimation.
  • This technique is highly suitable for fast, reliable, high-resolution T2 mapping, especially for the musculoskeletal system.
  • TESS represents a significant advancement for quantitative MRI, enabling more accurate tissue characterization with reduced acquisition time.