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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
Nerve Supply of the GI Tract01:27

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of the GI tract...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique
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Redefining the coccygeal plexus.

Jason T K Woon1, Mark D Stringer

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated the coccygeal plexus, a poorly understood nerve network. Researchers found it originates within the ischiococcygeus muscle and may contribute to coccydynia (tailbone pain).

Keywords:
coccydyniacoccygeal plexuscoccyx anatomyischiococcygeus

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Medicine

Background:

  • The coccygeal plexus anatomy is inconsistently described in literature.
  • Coccygeal plexus has been rarely studied.
  • Idiopathic coccydynia affects up to one-third of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anatomy of the coccygeal plexus.
  • To explore its potential role in coccydynia.

Main Methods:

  • Microdissection and histology of 16 embalmed cadavers.
  • Specimens included distal sacrum, coccyx, and ischiococcygeus.
  • Histology used hematoxylin and eosin and S100 immunohistochemistry.

Main Results:

  • The coccygeal plexus forms within the ischiococcygeus muscle.
  • It arises from ventral rami of S4, S5, Co1, and sacral sympathetic trunk.
  • It forms anococcygeal nerves supplying the dorsal coccygeal region and potentially the ischiococcygeus muscle and surrounding ligaments.

Conclusions:

  • The coccygeal plexus originates within the ischiococcygeus muscle.
  • It likely innervates the anococcygeal skin and associated structures.
  • The plexus is a potential pain generator implicated in coccydynia.