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Related Concept Videos

Kinematic Equations: Problem Solving01:15

Kinematic Equations: Problem Solving

When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, the problem-solving strategy involves identifying the known quantities and choosing the appropriate kinematic equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities. Generally, the number of equations required is the same as the number of unknown quantities in the given example. Two-body pursuit problems always require two...
Constraints and Statical Determinacy01:26

Constraints and Statical Determinacy

In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
Kinematic Equations for Rotation01:30

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
For instance, imagine a point A on a rigid body engaged in circular motion. The translational velocity of this particular point can be calculated by taking the time derivatives of the displacement equation, which essentially measures the...
Kinematic Equations - II01:17

Kinematic Equations - II

The second kinematic equation expresses the final position of an object in terms of its initial position, the distance traveled with the initial constant velocity, and the distance traveled due to a change in velocity. Similar to the first kinematic equation, this equation is also only valid when the acceleration is constant throughout the motion of an object.
Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is 10 m/s and it accelerates at 2 m/s2, then the...
Kinematic Equations - III01:18

Kinematic Equations - III

The first two kinematic equations have time as a variable, but the third kinematic equation is independent of time. This equation expresses final velocity as a function of the acceleration and distance over which it acts. The fourth kinematic equation does not have an acceleration term and provides the final position of the object at time t in terms of the initial and final velocities. This equation is useful when the value of the constant acceleration is unknown.
Using the kinematic equations,...
Kinematic Equations - I01:26

Kinematic Equations - I

When an object moves with constant acceleration, the velocity of the object changes at a constant rate throughout the motion. The kinematic equations of motions are derived for such cases where the acceleration of the object is constant. The first kinematic equation gives an insight into the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time. We can see, for example:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors
15:00

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Published on: May 2, 2021

Optimal control of reaching includes kinematic constraints.

Michael Mistry1, Evangelos Theodorou, Stefan Schaal

  • 1ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan. m.n.mistry@bham.ac.uk

Journal of Neurophysiology
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Subjects adapted reaching movements towards straight trajectories despite perturbations, prioritizing robustness over minimal effort. This suggests kinematic invariance is crucial for reaching, alongside accuracy and efficiency.

Keywords:
force fieldsmotor adaptationmotor controloptimal controlreaching

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Published on: May 2, 2021

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans
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Published on: January 15, 2018

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior
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Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Published on: December 2, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Robotics
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Reaching movements are fundamental to human motor control.
  • Adaptation to force field perturbations reveals underlying motor control strategies.
  • Previous models often prioritize accuracy and effort minimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate adaptation in reaching movements under a novel acceleration-based force field.
  • To determine if motor control prioritizes kinematic invariance over motor effort.
  • To model reaching behavior using stochastic optimal control theory.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a reaching task with an acceleration-based force field.
  • Behavioral data on hand trajectories were analyzed.
  • Stochastic optimal control theory was used to model the observed adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Subjects showed a directional preference, adapting curved trajectories towards their initial straight baselines.
  • This adaptation occurred despite a strategy that would minimize motor effort by deviating from a straight path.
  • The results indicate a trade-off between target accuracy, motor effort, and kinematic invariance.

Conclusions:

  • Robustness, particularly against internal model uncertainty, is essential for reaching movements.
  • Kinematic invariance plays a significant role in the objective function of reaching.
  • The findings challenge assumptions that solely focus on accuracy and energy efficiency in motor control models.