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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

Published on: October 9, 2018

Teratology - past, present and future.

Eduard Ujházy¹, Mojmír Mach, Jana Navarová

¹Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

|April 5, 2013

Summary

Teratology, the study of abnormal development, has evolved significantly. Understanding congenital developmental disorders (CDDs) requires recognizing genetic and non-genetic factors, with many causes remaining unknown.

Keywords:

congenital developmental disorders history principles teratology

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Area of Science:

Teratology
Developmental Biology
Toxicology

Background:

Congenital developmental disorders (CDDs) stem from diverse factors including mechanical effects, fetal diseases, and arrested embryonic development.
The understanding of CDDs has progressed through historical hypotheses and theories, leading to modern teratological principles.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an updated overview of modern teratology's milestones and developmental stages.
To survey Wilson's six fundamental principles of teratology for insight into developmental mechanisms.
To discuss the impact of the 'low dose-hypothesis' on toxicological paradigms.

Main Methods:

Historical analysis of teratology's development.
Review of fundamental teratological principles.
Discussion of current challenges in identifying CDD etiology.

Main Results:

Teratology has evolved from recognizing basic causes of CDDs to understanding complex mechanisms.
Wilson's principles offer a framework for analyzing developmental disruptions at cellular and organ levels.
The 'low dose-hypothesis' challenges traditional toxicology, particularly concerning endocrine-active substances like PCBs and BPA.

Conclusions:

Negative interventions, genetic or non-genetic, invariably lead to CDDs.
Despite advanced diagnostics, the etiology of 65-70% of congenital defects remains unknown.
Modern teratology encompasses morphological, biochemical, and behavioral birth defects.