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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Practical Considerations For Developing Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.

Selwyn J Hurwitz1, Raymond F Schinazi

  • 1Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA.

Drug Discovery Today. Technologies
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are vital for HIV treatment, offering sustained antiviral responses due to their specific binding and intracellular stability. This review discusses NRTI pharmacology, development, and future prodrugs.

Keywords:
HIVantiviral agentsnucleoside analogspharmacology

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are essential components of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection.
  • Their efficacy relies on the specific binding of phosphorylated NRTI-triphosphates (NRTI-TP) to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
  • Intracellular stability of NRTI-TP contributes to sustained antiviral activity and convenient dosing regimens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmacology, development, and clinical use of NRTIs.
  • To discuss lessons learned in NRTI screening and application.
  • To outline NRTIs and prodrugs currently under clinical development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NRTI pharmacology and clinical data.
  • Analysis of NRTI-TP binding kinetics and intracellular stability.
  • Overview of ongoing NRTI and prodrug development.

Main Results:

  • NRTIs demonstrate high efficacy and safety when used in combination therapies.
  • Specific binding of NRTI-TP to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is crucial for antiretroviral activity.
  • Intracellular stability of NRTI-TP enables feasible and convenient dosing schedules.

Conclusions:

  • NRTIs remain a cornerstone of HIV treatment due to their pharmacological properties.
  • Understanding NRTI pharmacology is key to optimizing current and future antiretroviral strategies.
  • Ongoing development of NRTIs and prodrugs promises further advancements in HIV therapy.