Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a DNA...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Human protein interaction networks of ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 in organ-specific cells and bodily fluids.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

A single-cell transposable element atlas of human cell identity.

Cell reports methods·2025
Same author

Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 D614G, Alpha, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants in golden hamsters.

Npj viruses·2025
Same author

Exploiting the Achilles' Heel of Viral RNA Processing to Develop Novel Antivirals.

Viruses·2025
Same author

A bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccine elicited broad immune responses and protection against Omicron subvariants infection.

NPJ vaccines·2025
Same author

Targeting protein homeostasis with small molecules as a strategy for the development of pan-coronavirus antiviral therapies.

Communications biology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Digoxin suppresses HIV-1 replication by altering viral RNA processing.

Raymond W Wong1, Ahalya Balachandran, Mario A Ostrowski

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Plos Pathogens
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Digoxin inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by disrupting viral RNA splicing and reducing structural protein synthesis. This novel approach shows promise for HIV-1 treatment.

More Related Videos

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication relies on intricate viral RNA metabolism.
  • Developing novel therapeutic strategies to control HIV-1 is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate small molecular modulators of RNA splicing for their potential to control HIV-1 replication.
  • To identify specific mechanisms by which these modulators affect viral RNA processing.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of small molecular RNA splicing modulators for effects on HIV-1 replication.
  • Analysis of viral mRNA accumulation and protein synthesis.
  • Assessment of viral RNA splice site usage and key regulatory factors like Rev.
  • Investigating the impact on SR protein kinases (e.g., CLK family) and SR proteins (e.g., SRp20, Tra2β).
  • Evaluating the efficacy of digoxin against clinical HIV-1 strains in vitro.

Main Results:

  • Digoxin significantly inhibited HIV-1 structural protein synthesis.
  • Digoxin reduced the accumulation of viral mRNAs.
  • Digoxin altered viral RNA splice site selection, leading to the loss of the essential Rev factor.
  • Digoxin modulated the activity of CLK kinases and modified SRp20 and Tra2β.
  • Overexpression of SRp20 mimicked digoxin's effects on HIV-1 RNA processing.
  • Digoxin demonstrated high activity against clinical HIV-1 isolates.

Conclusions:

  • Digoxin represents a novel therapeutic approach for controlling HIV-1 replication.
  • Targeting RNA splicing pathways offers a promising strategy for developing new anti-HIV-1 drugs.
  • The observed effects are mediated through alterations in SR protein kinase activity and SR protein modification.