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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the anterior...
Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with cytoskeletal...
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
A limited set of protein domains often duplicate and recombine during evolution. These domains can be organized in different combinations to form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol
10:12

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

Published on: March 25, 2020

Cholesterol domains enhance transfection.

Jamie L Betker1, Max Kullberg, Joe Gomez

  • 1University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

Therapeutic Delivery
|April 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cholesterol domains in lipoplexes enhance gene delivery. This study shows that these domains improve transfection efficiency, even without serum proteins, by forming critical structures within the lipoplex formulation.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol
10:12

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

Published on: March 25, 2020

Cholesterol Efflux Assay
07:54

Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Published on: March 6, 2012

Direct Protein Delivery to Mammalian Cells Using Cell-permeable Cys2-His2 Zinc-finger Domains
11:24

Direct Protein Delivery to Mammalian Cells Using Cell-permeable Cys2-His2 Zinc-finger Domains

Published on: March 25, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cholesterol domains in lipoplexes are linked to improved serum stability and transfection rates.
  • Previous research highlights the importance of cholesterol domains for effective gene delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cholesterol domains in lipoplex-mediated gene transfection.
  • To determine if domain formation enhances transfection efficiency independently of serum protein interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized saturated phosphatidylcholines to induce cholesterol domain formation at reduced cholesterol concentrations.
  • Assessed lipoplex transfection efficiencies in the presence and absence of serum.
  • Characterized the protein corona of lipoplex formulations.

Main Results:

  • Lipoplexes with induced cholesterol domains showed significantly improved transfection efficiencies.
  • Enhanced transfection was observed even in the absence of serum, indicating domain-specific effects.
  • No correlation was found between specific adsorbed proteins and enhanced transfection, suggesting protein-independent mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Cholesterol domain formation is a key factor in enhancing lipoplex transfection efficiency.
  • The presence of domains can improve transfection independently of serum protein interactions.
  • Serum proteins can promote domain formation in certain formulations, leading to enhanced transfection post-serum exposure.