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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect various areas...
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain
17:13

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain

Published on: October 22, 2017

The isolated fourth ventricle.

Khalid Ali1, Ravindra Nannapaneni, Khalid Hamandi

  • 1Department of Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.

BMJ Case Reports
|April 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Isolated fourth ventricle enlargement, a rare complication of hydrocephalus shunts, can compress brain structures. Prompt recognition and direct fourth ventricle shunting ensure successful treatment.

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Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI
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Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain
17:13

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain

Published on: October 22, 2017

Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI
04:25

Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Hydrocephalus is often treated with shunts to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Complications can arise, including rare late-onset issues like isolated fourth ventricle enlargement.

Observation:

  • This condition involves caudal and rostral obstruction of the fourth ventricle, leading to its dilation.
  • Dilation causes compression of the cerebellum and brain stem, mimicking other neurological deficits.

Findings:

  • Diagnosis can be delayed if symptoms are misattributed or CT scans focus solely on the lateral ventricles and existing shunts.
  • Prompt recognition of isolated fourth ventricular obstruction is crucial for timely intervention.

Implications:

  • Treatment involves inserting a shunt directly into the fourth ventricle, which is highly successful.
  • Highlighting this rare complication improves diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes in neurosurgical care.