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Updated: May 12, 2026

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
Published on: February 14, 2014
Functional limitations in older adults who have cognitive impairment without dementia
Tanya R Gure1, Kenneth M Langa, Gwenith G Fisher
1Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. tanruff@umich.edu
Objective:
To characterize the prevalence of functional limitations among older adults with cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND).
Methods:
Secondary data analysis was performed using the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study data set. A total of 856 individuals aged ≥ 71 years were assigned to 3 diagnostic cognitive categories. A questionnaire was completed by a proxy informant regarding functional limitations for 744 of the 856 respondents.
Results:
Of the 744 patients, 263 (13.9%) had dementia, 201 (21.3%) had CIND, and 280 (64.8%) had normal cognition. Informants reported ≥1 instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) limitation in 45% of the patients with CIND compared to 13% of the patients with normal cognition and 85% of the patients with dementia (P < .001). The ADL impairments among individuals with CIND were primarily attributed to physical health problems (n = 41; 40%).
Conclusions:
Many individuals with CIND have impairment in a range of complex and basic daily activities, largely due to physical health problems.
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