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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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Triple ectopic thyroid: A rare entity.

Sujit Nilegaonkar¹, Chetna Naik, Sameer Sonar

¹Department of Nuclear Medicine, Smt. Kashi Bai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine : IJNM : the Official Journal of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, India

|April 6, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ectopic thyroid tissue, a rare congenital condition, can present in multiple locations. A thyroid scan is crucial for diagnosing ectopic thyroid, preventing unnecessary surgeries for neck swellings.

Keywords:

Ectopic thyroid Tc 99m TcO4 scan thyroid anomalies

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Congenital Abnormalities
Medical Imaging

Background:

Ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare congenital anomaly.
Multiple ectopic foci are exceptionally uncommon.
Thyroid scans are effective for diagnosing ectopic thyroid tissue.

Observation:

A 16-year-old female presented with a neck swelling, initially diagnosed as a thyroglossal cyst.
The patient had three distinct sites of ectopic thyroid tissue: base of tongue, hyoid level, and suprahyoid region.
Preoperative imaging revealed the ectopic thyroid as the sole functioning thyroid tissue.

Findings:

The thyroid scan correctly identified ectopic thyroid tissue, differentiating it from a thyroglossal cyst.
This diagnosis prevented an unnecessary surgical intervention for a presumed thyroglossal cyst.
The ectopic thyroid tissue was the only functioning thyroid tissue in the patient.

Implications:

Thyroid scans and imaging (USG/CT) should be routine pre-operative workups for neck swellings.
Accurate diagnosis of ectopic thyroid tissue can prevent misdiagnosis and inappropriate surgeries.
Early and correct diagnosis of congenital thyroid anomalies is vital for patient management.