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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Related Experiment Video

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Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
07:41

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Two-point discrimination in diabetic patients.

Mehmet Eryilmaz1, Abdulkadir Koçer, Gülşen Kocaman

  • 1Neurology Department, Medical Faculty, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey.

Journal of Diabetes
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-point discrimination (TPD) effectively detects early diabetic neuropathy, offering a practical alternative to nerve conduction studies. Increased TPD in the lower extremities signals nerve damage in diabetes mellitus patients.

Keywords:
diabetes mellituselectromyographyneuropathysymptomstwo-point discrimination.糖尿病，肌电图，神经病变，症状，两点辨别力

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Diabetology
  • Clinical Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant cause of polyneuropathy.
  • Early detection of diabetic neuropathy is crucial for management.
  • Two-point discrimination (TPD) is a sensory testing method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of two-point discrimination (TPD) with nerve conduction studies (NCS) for detecting early diabetic neuropathy.
  • To assess TPD's utility in patients with and without neuropathic pain.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 48 patients with early type 2 DM (<5 years) and 17 healthy controls.
  • Assessed TPD and performed electrophysiological evaluations (NCS) on all participants.
  • Categorized DM patients into those with neuropathic pain (n=26) and asymptomatic (n=22).

Main Results:

  • Nerve conduction studies revealed both demyelinating and axonal damage in DM patients.
  • Patients with neuropathic pain showed higher TPD on the foot's plantar surface.
  • Both DM groups exhibited elevated TPD on the lateral malleolus compared to controls (P < 0.05).
  • TPD correlated with axonal damage in painful neuropathy and with nerve latencies in asymptomatic patients.

Conclusions:

  • TPD is a less painful, cost-effective, and time-efficient method compared to NCS.
  • Elevated TPD in lower extremities indicates neuropathy in diabetic patients.
  • Increased TPD values facilitate early neuropathy detection in diabetes mellitus.