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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

RNA-seq

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases.
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...

Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

Next-generation sequencing platforms.

Elaine R Mardis¹

¹The Genome Institute at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. emardis@wustl.edu

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)

|April 9, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Automated DNA sequencing has evolved significantly from Sanger sequencing, enabling the creation of reference genomes. Modern instruments accelerate data collection, transforming biological research with genome-scale datasets.

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Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Bioengineering

Background:

Sanger's dideoxynucleotide sequencing discovery laid the foundation for automated DNA sequencing.
Physical mapping techniques established long-range genomic DNA relationships.
Fluorescent DNA sequencers enabled reference genome sequencing for model organisms and humans.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a historical perspective on automated DNA sequencing.
To explain the workings and applications of next-generation sequencing instruments.
To introduce novel sequencers for single DNA molecule analysis.

Main Methods:

Review of fundamental developments in DNA sequencing technology.
Explanation of the mechanisms behind automated and next-generation sequencing instruments.
Discussion of innovative physical mapping approaches.

Main Results:

Automated DNA sequencing instruments integrate chemistry, engineering, software, and molecular biology.
Significant acceleration in DNA sequencing data collection rates has been achieved.
Genome-scale data generation is transforming biological inquiry.

Conclusions:

The evolution of DNA sequencing has led to unprecedented capabilities in genomics.
Next-generation sequencing instruments are revolutionizing biological research.
Emerging single-molecule sequencing technologies promise further advancements.