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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
08:50

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface

Published on: January 24, 2018

Hydrated interfacial ions and electrons.

Bernd Abel1

  • 1Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, Chemical Department, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. bernd.abel@iom-leipzig.de

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Charged particles like hydrated ions and electrons are crucial in science. Recent studies reveal complex behaviors of these species near hydrophobic water interfaces, requiring further investigation.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
08:50

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface

Published on: January 24, 2018

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • * Physical Chemistry
  • * Biochemistry
  • * Atmospheric Chemistry

Background:

  • * Charged particles, including hydrated ions and transient hydrated electrons, are fundamental in various scientific disciplines.
  • * These species, along with hydronium and hydroxide ions, are particularly important at water interfaces.
  • * Recent research indicates a growing complexity in understanding these interfacial phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To provide a critical overview of the current knowledge on hydrated ions and electrons at hydrophobic water interfaces.
  • * To highlight areas where understanding remains limited and further investigation is needed.
  • * To synthesize recent findings regarding these interfacial species.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review of recent studies on interfacial ions and electrons.
  • * Critical analysis of existing data and theoretical models.
  • * Synthesis of current understanding and identification of knowledge gaps.

Main Results:

  • * Hydrated ions and electrons exhibit complex behaviors near hydrophobic interfaces (e.g., air-water, biomolecular interfaces).
  • * Despite decades of study, the precise nature and behavior of these species at interfaces are becoming less clear.
  • * New insights have emerged, but significant questions persist regarding their properties and roles.

Conclusions:

  • * A comprehensive understanding of hydrated interfacial ions and electrons is still evolving.
  • * Further research is essential to clarify the properties and functions of these species.
  • * The study underscores the dynamic and complex nature of water interfaces in chemical and biological systems.