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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Risk of concomitant malignancy in hyperfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas.

Bassan J Allan1, Chad M Thorson, Robert M Van Haren

  • 1Division of Surgical Endocrinology, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. ballan@med.miami.edu

The Journal of Surgical Research
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal incidentalomas rarely present with malignancy and hormonal hyperactivity. Tumor size greater than 6 cm and specific radiographic features are key indicators of adrenal cancer, irrespective of hormonal function.

Keywords:
AdrenalAdrenalectomyIncidentalomaMalignancyPredictors

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Adrenal masses are frequently found incidentally during imaging.
  • The link between malignancy and hormonal overactivity in these incidental adrenal tumors is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between hormonal hyperactivity and malignancy in incidentally discovered adrenal tumors.
  • To identify predictors of malignancy in adrenal incidentalomas.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients who underwent adrenalectomy for adrenal incidentalomas.
  • Comparison of outcomes and operative data using univariate analysis.
  • Utilized area under the curve to assess tumor size's predictive value for malignancy.

Main Results:

  • Out of 49 patients who had adrenal incidentalomas resected, 24 had hyperfunctioning glands. Malignancy rates did not differ significantly between hyperfunctioning (4.1%) and nonfunctional (12.0%) tumors.
  • Four patients had adrenal malignancies (two adrenocortical carcinomas, two metastatic renal carcinomas). Only one hyperfunctioning tumor was malignant.
  • Radiographic indicators like invasion of adjacent structures, lymphadenopathy, metastasis, irregular margins, heterogeneity, and tumor size >6 cm were strongly linked to malignancy.

Conclusions:

  • The risk of malignancy and hormonal hyperactivity occurring together in adrenal incidentalomas is low.
  • Tumor size (>6 cm) and radiographic characteristics are the primary predictors of adrenal malignancy, independent of hormonal status.