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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
08:17

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration

Published on: February 27, 2018

Hereditary vulnerabilities to post-operative cognitive dysfunction and dementia.

Kirk J Hogan1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, B6/319 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Despite high incidence, no genetic markers for persistent post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) or dementia (POD) have been found. Research is shifting towards patient-specific susceptibility, but heritable indices remain elusive.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseCAMConfusion Assessment MethodEpigeneticsGenotypeMHMMSEMinnesota Mental Status ExamPOCDPODPost-operative cognitive functionPost-operative dementiaRCTSurgeryaMCIamnestic minimal cognitive impairmentmalignant hyperthermiapost-operative cognitive dysfunctionpost-operative dementiarandomized clinical trial

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Persistent post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and post-operative dementia (POD) affect over 10% of elderly patients after surgery.
  • Despite this incidence, no familial or heritable cases of unexplained POCD or POD have been reported.
  • Current research focuses on patient-specific susceptibility rather than surgical or anesthetic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey challenges in identifying markers for heritable vulnerability to POCD and POD.
  • To propose future research directions for uncovering genomic indices of persistent POCD and POD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing prospective investigations and genetic marker research for POCD and POD.
  • Analysis of the shift in research focus from surgical variables to patient-specific susceptibility.
  • Proposal for integrating surgical/anesthetic data into dementia trials and focusing on extreme phenotype/genotype outliers.

Main Results:

  • No heritable, genomic indices for persistent POCD or POD (lasting ≥3 months) have been identified to date.
  • The search for genetic markers faces significant challenges.
  • Existing research has not yet identified shared phenotypes and genotypes in extreme POCD/POD cases.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to identify genetic factors contributing to persistent POCD and POD.
  • Future research should incorporate detailed surgical and anesthetic data into longitudinal dementia studies and RCTs.
  • Investigating shared extreme phenotypes and genotypes may reveal novel insights into heritable vulnerability to POCD and POD.