Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Amines

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Adverse Drug Reactions to Antihypertensive Therapy: A Prospective Evaluation of Causality and Severity Using the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) and Hartwig-Siegel Scales.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Drug Prescribing Patterns in Geriatric Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Prescribing Trends of Antihypertensive Medications: An Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Evaluation of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) Among Controlled and Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Geriatric Population From North India.

Cureus·2025

Same author

Evaluating Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Biomarkers for Predicting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Geriatric Population and Correlation With Clinical and Biochemical Parameters.

Cureus·2025

Same author

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Predictors of Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Cureus·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Published on: February 5, 2018

Paraphenylenediamine poisoning.

S C Chaudhary¹, K K Sawlani, K Singh

¹Department of Medicine, C. S. M. Medical University, Lucknow, India. drshyamchandchaudhary@rediffmail.com

Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice

|April 9, 2013

Summary

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) in hair dye is toxic when ingested, causing severe systemic effects like angioedema and organ damage. Early recognition of symptoms such as angioedema and dark urine is crucial for successful treatment.

Area of Science:

Toxicology
Dermatology
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is a common ingredient in hair dyes, widely available and inexpensive in India.
PPD ingestion can lead to severe local and systemic toxic effects, with outcomes dose-dependent.

Observation:

A case report details a young female presenting with angioedema, cardiac issues, and liver dysfunction after PPD ingestion.
Clinical signs like angioedema and chocolate brown urine can indicate PPD poisoning, especially when lab facilities are limited.

Findings:

PPD poisoning manifests with angioedema, dysphagia, respiratory distress, rhabdomyolysis, intravascular hemolysis, acute kidney injury, and hepatic necrosis.
Cardiac complications including myocarditis and fatal arrhythmias are possible in severe PPD poisoning.

More Related Videos

Examination of Anatomical Features of Retinal Ganglion Cells Under N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA)-induced Excitotoxicity

Examination of Anatomical Features of Retinal Ganglion Cells Under N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA)-induced Excitotoxicity

Published on: September 19, 2025

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Published on: February 5, 2018

Examination of Anatomical Features of Retinal Ganglion Cells Under N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA)-induced Excitotoxicity

Examination of Anatomical Features of Retinal Ganglion Cells Under N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA)-induced Excitotoxicity

Published on: September 19, 2025

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

The case was successfully treated with supportive measures, highlighting the importance of early clinical recognition.

Implications:

Prompt identification of PPD poisoning through clinical signs is vital for timely supportive care, as no specific antidote exists.
Healthcare providers should consider PPD toxicity in patients with relevant exposure history and characteristic clinical features.
This case underscores the potential dangers of PPD and the need for awareness regarding its toxicity.