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Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing over

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

Published on: July 11, 2025

Single-crossover recombination and ancestral recombination trees.

Ellen Baake¹, Ute von Wangenheim

¹Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33594 , Bielefeld, Germany, ebaake@techfak.uni-bielefeld.de.

Journal of Mathematical Biology

|April 9, 2013

Summary

We developed a new method to analyze ancestral trees in population genetics using the Wright-Fisher model. This approach provides a solution for the long-standing single-crossover equation, advancing our understanding of population dynamics.

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Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

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Published on: July 11, 2025

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Published on: September 23, 2011

Area of Science:

Population Genetics
Theoretical Biology
Mathematical Biology

Background:

The Wright-Fisher model is a fundamental concept in population genetics.
Understanding ancestral recombination is crucial for evolutionary studies.
A deterministic single-crossover equation has remained unsolved for decades.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the ancestral process in the Wright-Fisher model with recombination.
To derive probabilities for ancestral tree topologies.
To find a semi-explicit solution for the deterministic single-crossover equation.

Main Methods:

Modeling the Wright-Fisher process for a population with sequences and recombination.
Tracing individual ancestry back in time.
Decomposing ancestral trees into subtrees.
Calculating probabilities of tree topologies.

Main Results:

The ancestral process is described by a random tree in the limit of large populations.
Branching events in the tree correspond to sequence splitting due to recombination.
Probabilities of ancestral tree topologies were calculated.
A semi-explicit solution to the deterministic single-crossover equation was obtained.

Conclusions:

The study provides a novel method for analyzing ancestral recombination in large populations.
The findings offer a solution to a long-standing problem in theoretical population genetics.
This work advances the understanding of evolutionary dynamics driven by recombination.