Glucagon-like peptide 1 reduces endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes
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Updated: May 12, 2026

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
Published on: November 16, 2011
Antonio Ceriello1, Anna Novials, Emilio Ortega
1Diabetes and Endocrinology, Insititut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. aceriell@clinic.ub.es
Objective:
Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia currently are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes. Both acute hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia induce endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, raising the oxidative stress. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has antioxidant properties, and evidence suggests that it protects endothelial function.
Research Design And Methods:
The effect of both acute hyperglycemia and acute hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, with or without the simultaneous infusion of GLP-1, on oxidative stress (plasma nitrotyrosine and plasma 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha), inflammation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6), and endothelial dysfunction has been evaluated.
Results:
Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia acutely induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. GLP-1 significantly counterbalanced these effects.
Conclusions:
These results suggest a protective effect of GLP-1 during both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes.
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