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Related Concept Videos

Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
Egoism and Altruism01:55

Egoism and Altruism

Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people is called prosocial behavior. Why do people help other people? Is personal benefit such as feeling good about oneself the only reason people help one another?
Obedience01:08

Obedience

According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation, obedience...
Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
09:52

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication

Published on: September 20, 2016

Gap junctions and Bystander Effects: Good Samaritans and executioners.

David C Spray1, Regina Hanstein, Sandra V Lopez-Quintero

  • 1Dominick P. Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Membrane Transport and Signaling
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The bystander and Good Samaritan effects describe how cells transfer compounds, influencing adjacent cells. Understanding these cell communication pathways, like gap junctions and paracrine signaling, offers potential therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

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Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products
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Published on: December 25, 2016

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
09:52

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Published on: September 20, 2016

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide
11:02

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

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Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products
05:27

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

Published on: December 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The Bystander and Good Samaritan effects involve intercellular communication.
  • These effects facilitate the transfer of compounds between adjacent cells.
  • This communication occurs via gap junction channels and extracellular routes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of bystander and Good Samaritan effects.
  • To understand the role of these effects in various injuries and conditions.
  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of manipulating these cell signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gap junction mediated signaling.
  • Investigation of paracrine signaling routes.
  • Review of diverse injury models including infectious agents, radiation, and cell therapy.

Main Results:

  • Bystander and Good Samaritan effects are mediated by both gap junctions and paracrine signaling.
  • These effects are observed in a wide range of conditions, including infectious diseases, radiation injury, and during apoptosis.
  • The "kiss of life" and "kiss of death" phenomena are explained by these intercellular communication pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Intercellular communication via gap junctions and paracrine routes is crucial for cell protection and toxicity.
  • Manipulation of these pathways holds therapeutic promise for treating various pathological conditions.
  • Further research into these signaling mechanisms can lead to novel treatment strategies.