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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Thyroid disorders in pregnancy.

Menaka Ramprasad1, Shaila Shamanur Bhattacharyya, Arpandev Bhattacharyya

  • 1ShivaJoyti, A Center for Paediatric and Adult Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders, Bangalore, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid disorders during pregnancy require careful management due to increased thyroxine needs. Early treatment of maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is crucial for a healthy pregnancy and baby.

Keywords:
Thyroid disordershypothyroidismpregnancy

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders are prevalent during pregnancy, with subclinical hypothyroidism being the most common.
  • Pregnancy involves significant hormonal shifts, increasing thyroxine requirements.
  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction poses risks, including low birth weight and impaired fetal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of managing thyroid disorders in pregnancy.
  • To outline current guidelines for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels during gestation.
  • To discuss treatment strategies for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in pregnant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for TSH reference ranges.
  • Discussion of risks associated with untreated maternal hypothyroidism.
  • Overview of pharmacotherapy for hyperthyroidism, including propylthiouracil (PTU).

Main Results:

  • Recommended TSH ranges vary by trimester: 0.1-2.5 mIU/L (1st), 0.2-3.0 mIU/L (2nd), and 0.3-3.0 mIU/L (3rd).
  • Maternal hypothyroidism is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • Graves' disease is a common cause of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy; gestational hyperthyroidism must be ruled out.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders are essential for optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes.
  • Adjusting medication, like PTU, in the third trimester may be necessary.
  • Effective management ensures a safe pregnancy with reduced complications.