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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers
07:17

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers

Published on: November 21, 2011

Antioxidants and diabetes.

Sarita Bajaj1, Afreen Khan

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Medicine, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) causes free radical damage, leading to diabetic complications. Antioxidants show promise in reducing these issues, but their safety and effectiveness require further study.

Keywords:
Antioxidantsdiabetes mellitusfree radicals

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Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers
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Published on: November 21, 2011

A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals
07:39

A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals

Published on: June 25, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Hyperglycemia induces glucose auto-oxidation, generating harmful free radicals.
  • Excessive free radicals overwhelm endogenous antioxidant defenses, causing macro- and microvascular damage.
  • Oxidative stress is a key factor in the development of diabetic complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in diabetic vascular dysfunction.
  • To evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of antioxidants in mitigating diabetic complications.
  • To highlight the need for further research into the safety and efficacy of antioxidant supplementation for diabetes treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and diabetic complications.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which free radicals contribute to vascular dysfunction.
  • Examination of the effects of specific antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C, α-lipoic acid) on diabetic complications.

Main Results:

  • Hyperglycemia-derived free radicals are implicated in both macro- and microvascular complications.
  • Antioxidants like N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C, and α-lipoic acid demonstrate efficacy in reducing diabetic complications.
  • Dietary supplementation or ingestion of natural antioxidants may offer a beneficial approach.

Conclusions:

  • Antioxidants are valuable tools for investigating oxidant stress in diabetes.
  • While promising, the therapeutic application of antioxidant supplementation requires rigorous safety and efficacy validation.
  • Further research is essential to establish antioxidant supplementation as a viable treatment strategy for diabetic complications.