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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Pituitary gigantism: a case report.

Rana Bhattacharjee1, Ajitesh Roy, Soumik Goswami

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, SSKM and IPGMER, Kolkata, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case report details a rare instance of gigantism in a 25-year-old female caused by a growth hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenoma. The condition led to significant physical changes and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Keywords:
Pituitarygigantism

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuro-oncology
  • Human Growth Disorders

Background:

  • Gigantism, a rare condition, results from excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion during childhood or adolescence.
  • Pituitary macroadenomas are a common cause of GH excess, leading to significant clinical manifestations.

Observation:

  • A 25-year-old female presented with extreme statural growth, enlarged body parts, primary amenorrhea, and headaches.
  • Physical examination revealed significant height (221 cm), coarsened facial features, kyphosis, osteoarthritis, and bitemporal hemianopia.
  • Hormonal assays showed elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and suppressed GH after glucose load, alongside low gonadotropins (LH, FSH) and elevated prolactin.

Findings:

  • Imaging confirmed a large pituitary macroadenoma.
  • The patient was diagnosed with gigantism secondary to a GH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma, complicated by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
  • Despite planned treatment including surgery and medication, the patient declined further intervention.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the complex clinical presentation of gigantism and the diagnostic challenges posed by pituitary macroadenomas.
  • Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing GH excess disorders and preventing long-term complications.
  • Patient refusal of treatment underscores the importance of addressing psychosocial factors in managing rare endocrine disorders.