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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Evolving adrenal insufficiency.

Ajitesh Roy1, Rana Bhattacharjee, Soumik Goswami

  • 1Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, 244 AJC Bose Road, Kolkata, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Tuberculosis can cause Addison's disease, but adrenal function recovery is unpredictable. This case shows persistent enlarged adrenal glands despite treatment for tuberculosis, highlighting the enigma of adrenal reserve.

Keywords:
Evolving adrenal insufficiency anti tubercular drugsTuberculosis

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis is a leading cause of Addison's disease in India.
  • Adrenal reserve and functional recovery post-tuberculosis treatment remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a unique case of adrenal tuberculosis presenting with a pre-Addisonian state.
  • To investigate adrenal gland size and function after a year of anti-tubercular therapy.

Main Methods:

  • A 31-year-old male with adrenal tuberculosis was treated with anti-tubercular drugs and steroids.
  • Diagnostic workup included hormonal assays, imaging (CT scan), and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with symptoms suggestive of adrenal insufficiency and had bilateral enlarged adrenal masses.
  • Despite treatment, adrenal size did not regress, and steroid withdrawal was unsuccessful after one year.
  • FNAC of lymph nodes revealed caseating granuloma, confirming tuberculosis.

Conclusions:

  • Adrenal glands typically regenerate or shrink after infection, but this case showed persistent enlargement.
  • The reversal of adrenal function after anti-tubercular therapy is controversial, as evidenced by this case.