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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Ocular surface changes in thyroid eye disease.

Dilyara S Ismailova¹, Anatoly A Fedorov, Yaroslav O Grusha

¹Institute of Eye Diseases of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation. d_ismailova@bk.ru

Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

|April 10, 2013

Summary

Thyroid eye disease (TED) frequently causes ocular surface damage, with dry eye syndrome affecting 65.2% of patients. Key risk factors include exophthalmos and eyelid abnormalities.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Endocrinology
Pathology

Background:

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition affecting the orbit.
Ocular surface damage is a common complication in TED, impacting patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the incidence and risk factors of ocular surface damage in TED.
To identify histological changes associated with vital staining in TED patients.

Main Methods:

Forty-six patients (92 eyes) with TED underwent ophthalmologic examination, Schirmer test I, vital staining, and corneal sensitivity tests.
Impression cytology and incisional biopsy were performed on 15 patients with positive vital staining.

Main Results:

Positive vital staining was observed in 60.9% of eyes (65.2% of patients).
Severe dry eye syndrome occurred in 16% of patients.
Histological findings included conjunctival epithelial dystrophy, goblet cell loss, and keratinization.

Conclusions:

Dry eye syndrome is highly prevalent (65.2%) in TED patients.
Exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, palpebral fissure height, and lower lid retraction are significant risk factors for ocular surface damage.
Histopathological changes are consistent with dry eye but not specific to TED.