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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Sources of interference in recognition testing.

Jeffrey Annis1, Kenneth J Malmberg, Amy H Criss

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of South Florida.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|April 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prior testing, or output interference, harms recognition memory accuracy. However, interpolating different tasks, regardless of similarity, did not cause interference. Only repeating recognition trials led to decreased accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Prior testing, known as output interference (OI), is understood to impair recognition memory accuracy.
  • The precise mechanisms and contextual factors influencing OI remain an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of interpolated task similarity on output interference in recognition memory.
  • To determine whether task context or temporal context is the primary driver of OI.

Main Methods:

  • Participants completed recognition memory tests with various interpolated tasks (lexical decision, gender identification) or recognition trials inserted between test items.
  • Task similarity between interpolated activities and the recognition test was manipulated.
  • Recognition accuracy was measured following different interpolated conditions.

Main Results:

  • Interpolating dissimilar tasks (gender identification) or similar tasks (lexical decision) did not affect recognition accuracy.
  • Performing an interpolated task, regardless of its nature, did not induce interference.
  • Output interference was only observed when recognition test trials themselves were repeated.

Conclusions:

  • The similarity of interpolated tasks does not influence output interference.
  • Output interference appears to be specifically linked to the repetition of recognition memory retrieval, not general task engagement.
  • Recognition memory performance is modulated by the salience of context cues, with temporal context cues playing a critical role in OI.