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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache
05:40

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

Published on: July 29, 2021

[Post-dural puncture headache and blood-patch: theoretical and practical approach].

A Fournet-Fayard1, J-M Malinovsky

  • 1Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, pôle URAD, hôpital Maison-Blanche, 45 rue Cognacq-Jay, Reims, France. aureilieff@gmail.com

Annales Francaises D'Anesthesie Et De Reanimation
|April 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) results from cerebrospinal fluid leak, causing intracranial hypotension. The gold standard treatment is an epidural blood-patch (EBP), typically effective within 24-48 hours.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache
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Published on: July 29, 2021

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

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The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects
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The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Published on: October 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Neurosurgery

Context:

  • Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a common complication following spinal anesthesia or lumbar puncture.
  • It arises from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, leading to intracranial hypotension and characteristic postural headaches.

Purpose:

  • To review current research on PDPH pathophysiology, causes, and treatments.
  • To establish a rational approach for managing PDPH.

Summary:

  • PDPH occurs due to CSF leak after dural puncture, causing intracranial hypotension and cerebral vasodilatation.
  • The Epidural Blood-Patch (EBP) is the gold standard treatment, inducing prolonged pressure elevation.
  • EBP is most effective when administered within 24-48 hours with 15-20mL of blood; complications are rare.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of PDPH management strategies.
  • Highlights the efficacy and optimal application of the Epidural Blood-Patch.
  • Identifies areas for future clinical trials, including optimal timing and alternative treatments for PDPH.