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Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Improved Lipofuscin Models and Quantification of Outer Segment Phagocytosis Capacity in Highly Polarized Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cultures

Improved Lipofuscin Models and Quantification of Outer Segment Phagocytosis Capacity in Highly Polarized Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cultures

Published on: April 14, 2023

Lipofuscin in human glaucomatous optic nerves.

J P Fernandez de Castro¹, R F Mullins, A M Manea

¹Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.

Experimental Eye Research

|April 10, 2013

Summary

Lipofuscin, a marker of cellular aging, accumulates in the optic nerve. Glaucoma patients show larger lipofuscin particles and higher concentrations, suggesting a link to the disease.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Cell Biology

Background:

Lipofuscin accumulation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases and aging.
Autofluorescent particles have been identified in the aged human optic nerve.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize autofluorescent particles in the optic nerve.
To investigate their correlation with aging, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Main Methods:

Histological analysis of optic nerve sections from control, AMD, and POAG donors.
Fluorescence microscopy, bright field microscopy, Sudan black staining, and spectrofluorometry.
Transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural localization.

Main Results:

Histologic properties confirmed particles as lipofuscin aggregates.
Similar overall lipofuscin amounts were found in control, AMD, and POAG groups.
Glaucoma donors had larger lipofuscin particles and higher concentrations in smaller optic nerves.

Conclusions:

Lipofuscin accumulates in the aging human optic nerve.
Glaucoma is associated with larger and more concentrated lipofuscin deposits.
Lipofuscin accumulation may play a role in the pathogenesis of POAG.