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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
10:50

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

[Therapeutic options for autoimmune encephalomyelitis].

N Borisow1, H Prüss, F Paul

  • 1NeuroCure Clinical Research Center und Clinical and Experimental Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Deutschland. nadja.borisow@charite.de

Der Nervenarzt
|April 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Autoantibodies targeting neuronal tissue are crucial for diagnosing rare neurological disorders like autoimmune epilepsy. Current treatments involve immunomodulating drugs, with cancer therapy vital for paraneoplastic syndromes.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Autoantibodies to neuronal tissue are increasingly recognized in neurological disease classification.
  • Neurological disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, paraneoplastic syndromes of the central nervous system (CNS), stiff person syndrome, and autoimmune epilepsy are associated with these autoantibodies.
  • These autoimmune neurological disorders are rare, leading to a lack of evidence-based therapeutic recommendations.

Purpose:

  • To provide an overview of current experiences and recommendations for treating autoimmune neurological disorders.
  • To highlight the importance of autoantibodies in the diagnosis and classification of these conditions.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies, including immunomodulation, immunosuppression, and underlying cancer treatment for paraneoplastic syndromes.

Summary:

  • Autoantibodies targeting neuronal tissues are significant in diagnosing and classifying rare neurological conditions, including autoimmune epilepsy and paraneoplastic syndromes.
  • Current therapeutic approaches for these rare disorders primarily involve immunomodulating or immunosuppressive drugs.
  • For paraneoplastic syndromes, treating the underlying malignancy is a critical component of patient management.

Impact:

  • This overview aims to guide clinicians in managing rare autoimmune neurological disorders where evidence-based guidelines are scarce.
  • It emphasizes a multi-faceted treatment approach, integrating immunotherapy with cancer care when necessary.
  • Improved understanding and treatment strategies can lead to better patient outcomes in these challenging neurological conditions.