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Related Concept Videos

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management01:28

Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy may undergo a septal myectomy (Morrow procedure). This procedure involves excising a portion of the hypertrophied septum below the aortic valve using a heart-lung machine to improve blood flow through the LVOT. Effective preoperative and postoperative nursing management ensures successful patient outcomes, minimizes complications, and...
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Postoperative 4-chamber cardiac function and outcomes following biatrial or left atrial Maze procedure for concomitant atrial fibrillation.

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Increasing but Variable Use of Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: An Update from The STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database.

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Impact of Preoperative Left Ventricular Dysfunction on Residual and Recurrent Mitral Regurgitation After Degenerative Mitral Valve Repair.

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The story behind the Maze procedure.

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Concomitant atrial fibrillation ablation during aortic valve and aneurysm surgery.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
08:42

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China

Published on: February 11, 2022

Cardiac surgery for arrhythmias.

James L Cox1

  • 1Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. jamescoxmd@aol.com

Heart Rhythm
|April 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac arrhythmia surgery, established in 1968, has evolved significantly, paving the way for modern catheter techniques. Today, only the Maze and Dor procedures remain viable surgical options for specific arrhythmias.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Cardiac arrhythmia surgery began in 1968, addressing Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome.
  • Numerous surgical techniques were developed for various atrial and ventricular arrhythmias over decades.

Observation:

  • Endocardial catheter techniques have largely replaced surgical interventions for most refractory arrhythmias.
  • The Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation and the Dor procedure for ischemic ventricular tachycardia are the primary remaining surgical options.

Findings:

  • The extensive history of cardiac arrhythmia surgery provided foundational knowledge for current treatments.
  • Surgical interventions spurred innovation, leading to less invasive catheter-based therapies.

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Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine
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Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
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Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China

Published on: February 11, 2022

Surgical Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Treated by Exosome-laden Collagen Patch and Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
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Surgical Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Treated by Exosome-laden Collagen Patch and Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

Published on: September 15, 2023

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine
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Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

Published on: July 7, 2016

Implications:

  • The evolution of arrhythmia surgery highlights a paradigm shift towards minimally invasive techniques.
  • Past surgical endeavors significantly contributed to advancing cardiac arrhythmia management and patient care.