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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area
08:13

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Published on: February 19, 2018

A (3 + 3)-dimensional "hypercubic" oxide-ionic conductor: type II Bi2O3-Nb2O5.

Chris D Ling1, Siegbert Schmid, Peter E R Blanchard

  • 1School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. chris.ling@sydney.edu.au

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Stabilizing bismuth oxide (δ-Bi2O3) at room temperature with transition metals creates complex hypercubic structures. We solved one such structure, revealing an "inflated" pyrochlore with ordered vacancies, explaining its high ionic conductivity.

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Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films
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Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films

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Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films
08:49

Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films

Published on: December 4, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) exhibits excellent oxide-ionic conductivity in its high-temperature cubic phase (δ-Bi2O3).
  • Stabilizing δ-Bi2O3 at lower temperatures often involves doping, leading to complex modulated structures that are poorly understood.
  • These complex structures hinder the full exploitation of Bi2O3-based materials for applications like solid oxide fuel cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively solve and refine a complex (3+3)-dimensional incommensurately modulated hypercubic structure of a doped Bi2O3 system.
  • To elucidate the structural basis for the high oxide-ionic conductivity in these materials.
  • To understand the relationship between structure, doping, and ionic transport in stabilized δ-Bi2O3.

Main Methods:

  • Growth of a centimeter-scale single crystal using a novel refluxing floating-zone method.
  • Collection of high-quality single-crystal neutron diffraction data.
  • Structure solution and refinement using both X-ray and neutron diffraction data within the superspace symmetry formalism.

Main Results:

  • The structure was successfully solved and refined, revealing an "inflated" pyrochlore structure.
  • Corner-connected NbO6 octahedral chains accommodate the solid solution by moving apart.
  • Oxide vacancies were found to be partially ordered within the octahedral chains and partially distributed in a 3D network of channels.

Conclusions:

  • The solved hypercubic structure provides a quantitative understanding of stabilized δ-Bi2O3.
  • The 3D network of wide Bi2O3-like channels, facilitated by the "inflated" pyrochlore structure, is responsible for the high oxide-ionic conductivity.
  • This work paves the way for designing and optimizing Bi2O3-based ionic conductors.