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Determination of Crystal Structures

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

Point diffraction interferometer with a liquid crystal monopixel.

Claudio Ramírez¹, Eva Otón, Claudio Iemmi

¹Depto. Física, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

|April 11, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new point diffraction interferometer uses a liquid crystal wave plate (LCWP) to create a spherical reference wave. This advanced optical instrument enables precise digital hologram reconstruction for 3D object analysis.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Interferometry
Wavefront Sensing

Background:

Traditional interferometers often require complex alignment and stable environments.
Diffraction-based methods offer potential for simplified interferometer designs.
Liquid crystal devices provide tunable optical properties for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and implement a novel point diffraction interferometer (PDI).
To utilize a variable liquid crystal wave plate (LCWP) for generating a spherical reference wave.
To enable digital holographic reconstruction of 3D objects with high precision.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a custom-designed LCWP with a central 50 μm aperture for point diffraction.
Application of voltage to the LCWP to control phase shifts in the object wavefront.
Employing phase-shifting techniques to capture object wavefront amplitude and phase.
Utilizing the Fresnel diffraction integral for digital reconstruction of 3D object planes.

Main Results:

Successful implementation of a compact and versatile point diffraction interferometer.
Demonstration of generating a high-quality spherical reference wave using a variable LCWP.
Acquisition of digital holograms and successful digital reconstruction of 3D object structures.
Validation of the system's capability for precise wavefront measurement and 3D imaging.

Conclusions:

The novel PDI based on a variable LCWP offers a robust and adaptable solution for wavefront analysis.
This system provides a simplified approach to generating reference waves, reducing system complexity.
The digital reconstruction capability opens avenues for advanced 3D metrology and imaging applications.