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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous capillaries...
Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation01:28

Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation

The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
GFR regulation involves two primary intrinsic controls: the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms.
The myogenic...
Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging

DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
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Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

Published on: October 22, 2014

Structural changes in the retinal microvasculature and renal function.

Laurence Shen Lim1, Carol Yim-Lui Cheung, Charumathi Sabanayagam

  • 1Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore. ophwty@nus.edu.sg

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|April 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Retinal microvascular changes, including narrowed arterioles and vessel abnormalities, are linked to kidney dysfunction markers like lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria in adults. These findings highlight the eye as a window to kidney health.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Nephrology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and microalbuminuria are significant public health concerns.
  • Retinal microvascular abnormalities may serve as indicators of systemic vascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate associations between chronic kidney disease (CKD), microalbuminuria, and various retinal microvascular abnormalities.
  • To explore both traditional and novel retinal vascular measures.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based, cross-sectional study involving 3280 urban Malay adults.
  • Quantification of retinal vascular caliber and geometry using semiautomated computer-assisted analysis of fundus photographs.
  • Assessment of qualitative changes like arteriolar narrowing, AV nicking, and opacification by trained graders.

Main Results:

  • Narrower retinal arterioles, smaller fractal dimensions, and presence of AV nicking/opacification were associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
  • Retinal markers were not significantly associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adjusted analyses.
  • Smaller fractal dimensions, focal arteriolar narrowing, AV nicking, and opacification correlated with higher albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and microalbuminuria.

Conclusions:

  • Quantitative and qualitative retinal microvascular changes are associated with indicators of renal dysfunction and damage.
  • The study suggests a link between retinal vascular health and kidney function.