Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Fatigue, interoplastic and nociplastic distress in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, Gulf War Illness, and chronic idiopathic fatigue.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2025

Same author

Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics, lipidomics and serine pathway dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndroome (ME/CFS).

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Exertional Exhaustion (Post-Exertional Malaise, PEM) Evaluated by the Effects of Exercise on Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolomics-Lipidomics and Serine Pathway in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

Stroop task and practice effects demonstrate cognitive dysfunction in long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome.

Scientific reports·2024

Same author

Meta-analysis of natural killer cell cytotoxicity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

Frontiers in immunology·2024

Same author

Novel characterization of endogenous transient receptor potential melastatin 3 ion channels from Gulf War Illness participants.

PloS one·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Published on: November 29, 2024

Prefrontal lactate predicts exercise-induced cognitive dysfunction in Gulf War Illness.

Rakib U Rayhan¹, Megna P Raksit, Christian R Timbol

¹Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center Room 3004F 3rd Floor PHC Building, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.

American Journal of Translational Research

|April 11, 2013

Summary

Gulf War Illness (GWI) involves distinct subgroups with differing responses to exercise. Prefrontal lactate levels may predict these subgroups, offering insights into GWI brain energetics and symptoms.

Keywords:

Gulf War Illness (GWI)biomarker exercise-induced cognitive dysfunction pre-frontal lactate

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Exercise Physiology
Military Health

Background:

Gulf War Illness (GWI) affects 25-30% of veterans from the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War.
GWI is characterized by chronic fatigue, pain, cognitive, and affective dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate brain metabolic differences in Gulf War veterans with GWI.
To explore the impact of exercise on cognitive function and brain metabolism in GWI patients.

Main Methods:

Used fMRI and 1H MRS to assess working memory and brain metabolism in 15 GWI veterans and 11 controls.
Participants completed a 2-back test before and after a bicycle exercise stress test.

Main Results:

GWI subjects were divided into 'increasers' and 'decreasers' based on 2-back test performance changes after exercise.
Decreasers showed higher prefrontal lactate levels than increasers before exercise.
Prefrontal lactate levels predicted these exercise response subgroups in GWI patients.

Conclusions:

Prefrontal lactate may serve as a biomarker for exercise-induced subgroups within GWI.
Altered brain energetics could explain symptoms in a subset of GWI patients.