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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

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Re: Bobelyak M, Vaculik J, Stepan JJ. Bone mineral density assessment using Radiofrequency Echographic Mult Spectrometry (REMS) in patients before and after total hip replacement, Osteoporos Int 2025;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-025-07685-w and Re: Pocock N, Chan D. Editorial: Is REMS-BMD truly a measured parameter? A call for transparency and technical clarification, Osteoporos Int 2025;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-025-07699-4.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy
03:52

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy

Published on: February 21, 2025

Sarcopenia and fragility fractures.

T Cederholm1, A J Cruz-Jentoft, S Maggi

  • 1Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden. stefania.maggi@in.cnr.it

European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
|April 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Aging leads to sarcopenia (reduced muscle mass/function) and osteoporosis (bone fragility), increasing fall and fracture risks. These conditions share common pathways and can be treated with lifestyle interventions like exercise and nutrition.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Musculoskeletal Health
  • Bone and Muscle Biology

Background:

  • Sarcopenia, characterized by reduced muscle mass and function, is a key aspect of aging.
  • Bone fragility, leading to osteoporosis, also involves complex pathogenetic mechanisms.
  • Concurrent sarcopenia and osteoporosis contribute to falls, fractures, reduced mobility, and decreased life expectancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the intertwined nature of skeletal and muscular systems in aging.
  • To explore common pathogenic pathways in sarcopenia and osteoporosis.
  • To suggest unified treatment strategies for age-related muscle and bone loss.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of sarcopenia and osteoporosis.
  • Analysis of shared degenerative processes and risk factors.
  • Emphasis on lifestyle interventions including exercise and nutrition.

Main Results:

  • Muscle strength directly influences bone density and strength.
  • Shared pathways include hormonal changes, inflammation, and reduced physical activity.
  • Vitamin D sufficiency is crucial for both bone and muscle health.

Conclusions:

  • Sarcopenia and osteoporosis share commonalities in aging, pathogenesis, and treatment response.
  • Lifestyle interventions, particularly resistance training, adequate protein/energy intake, and vitamin D supplementation, are vital.
  • Addressing both conditions concurrently can improve mobility, autonomy, and longevity in the elderly.