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Related Concept Videos

General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed.
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective solubility...
Colloids03:22

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...

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Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques
09:17

Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

Published on: April 12, 2018

A sticky solution.

David Gresham1

  • 1is at the Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology , New York University , New York , United States dgresham@nyu.edu.

Elife
|April 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single-celled organisms evolved to stick together when resources are scarce. This cooperation may have driven the evolution of multicellularity as a way to use nutrients more efficiently.

Keywords:
Evolution of cooperationExperimental evolutionMulticellularityS. cerevisiae

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Published on: April 12, 2018

Staining and High-Resolution Imaging of Three-Dimensional Organoid and Spheroid Models
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The evolution of multicellularity is a key transition in life's history.
  • Understanding the selective pressures that favor cooperation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of resource limitation in the emergence of multicellularity.
  • To explore whether cooperation in single-celled organisms can lead to multicellular structures.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating evolutionary processes under conditions of nutrient scarcity.
  • Observing the behavior and genetic changes in single-celled populations.

Main Results:

  • Selection favors mutants that aggregate when essential sugars are limited.
  • Cohesive multicellular structures provide a survival advantage in resource-poor environments.

Conclusions:

  • Multicellularity may arise as a byproduct of selection for efficient resource utilization.
  • Cooperation and aggregation are key early steps towards multicellular life.