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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Social Threat-Safety Test Uncovers Psychosocial Stress-Related Phenotypes
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TestSmart and toxic ignorance.

Sidney Green1, Alan M Goldberg

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA
|April 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A tiered decision-tree approach using in vitro assays and new genomic technologies offers a promising strategy for prioritizing and screening chemical toxicity. This method aims to identify hazardous chemicals efficiently while considering ethical testing principles.

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High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)
11:38

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A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans
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Published on: March 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Chemical safety and toxicology
  • In vitro toxicology
  • Genomic technologies

Background:

  • Numerous national and international initiatives aim to screen chemicals for toxicity, addressing concerns like endocrine disruptors, children's health, and High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals.
  • The European Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) programme is one such effort, all focused on evaluating human and environmental toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an effective strategy for prioritizing and screening chemicals for toxicity.
  • To outline a decision-tree approach emphasizing in vitro assays and new genomic technologies.

Main Methods:

  • A tiered decision-tree approach for chemical screening.
  • Tier 1: Screening and prioritization.
  • Tier 2: Initial toxicity characterization.
  • Tier 3: Mode of action and biological activity determination.

Main Results:

  • The proposed approach facilitates decisions on which chemicals require testing and provides insights into their toxicity and mode of action.
  • It aligns with the Three Rs principles: reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal testing.

Conclusions:

  • A tiered, in vitro-focused strategy offers a promising framework for chemical toxicity screening.
  • The approach supports ethical considerations and the potential submission of non-traditional data to regulatory authorities.