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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

31.2K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Reaction Yield02:22

Reaction Yield

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The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.
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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Reaction Quotient02:35

Reaction Quotient

53.5K
The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
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Half-life of a Reaction02:42

Half-life of a Reaction

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The half-life of a reaction (t1/2) is the time required for one-half of a given amount of reactant to be consumed. In each succeeding half-life, half of the remaining concentration of the reactant is consumed. For example, during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, during the first half-life (from 0.00 hours to 6.00 hours), the concentration of H2O2 decreases from 1.000 M to 0.500 M. During the second half-life (from 6.00 hours to 12.00 hours), the concentration decreases from 0.500 M to...
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Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
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Enzymatic reactions on immobilised substrates.

Christopher J Gray1, Martin J Weissenborn, Claire E Eyers

  • 1School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Road, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.

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|April 13, 2013
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Summary

Enzymatic reactions on solid surfaces are crucial for miniaturized and automated systems in science and medicine. This review covers key technical aspects and successful applications of surface-bound enzyme catalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Enzymatic reactions are increasingly performed on solid surfaces.
  • Miniaturization and automation drive the need for surface-based biochemical assays.
  • Solid-phase biocatalysis offers advantages in various scientific and medical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review enzymatic reactions performed on substrates immobilized on solid surfaces.
  • To discuss the technical considerations for surface-bound enzyme catalysis.
  • To provide examples of successful surface-immobilized enzyme reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of enzymatic reactions on solid surfaces.
  • Discussion of solid surface selection criteria.
  • Analysis of suitable analytical techniques for surface-based assays.

Main Results:

  • Enzymatic reactions on solid surfaces are feasible and advantageous.
  • Proper selection of solid surfaces and analytical methods is critical for success.
  • Numerous examples demonstrate the efficacy of immobilized enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • Surface-bound enzymatic reactions are a vital tool for modern automated and miniaturized scientific endeavors.
  • Further research into optimizing surface-enzyme interactions can enhance efficiency and expand applications.
  • This approach holds significant promise for advancements in diagnostics and synthetic chemistry.