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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the latter, also known...
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For instance, consider...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
10:34

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Published on: April 24, 2014

Polarized radicals.

Louisa M Liberman1, Philip N Benfey

  • 1Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

Cell
|April 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant roots use localized peroxidases to establish cell polarization and position the Casparian strip, a crucial diffusion barrier. This mechanism ensures specialized cell functions in endodermal cells.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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Published on: April 24, 2014

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Root Development

Background:

  • Cell polarization is fundamental for specialized cellular functions.
  • The Casparian strip is a vital diffusion barrier in plant roots, regulating water and solute uptake.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of cell polarization is key to plant development.

Discussion:

  • Lee et al. reveal a novel mechanism for cell polarization in plant roots.
  • Localized peroxidases play a critical role in positioning the Casparian strip.
  • This finding sheds light on the spatial regulation of cell wall deposition.

Key Insights:

  • Peroxidases act as key regulators in directing the formation of the Casparian strip.
  • The study demonstrates a direct link between enzymatic activity and the establishment of a diffusion barrier.
  • This provides a new model for understanding cell polarity in plants.

Outlook:

  • Further research can explore the precise molecular interactions of peroxidases in this process.
  • This mechanism may be conserved across different plant species.
  • Understanding this process could have implications for improving crop water use efficiency.