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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Using TgVtg1:mcherry Zebrafish Embryos to Test the Estrogenic Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
Published on: August 8, 2020
Estrogen receptor function and regulation in fish and other vertebrates
Erik R Nelson1, Hamid R Habibi
1Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, LSRC Bldg, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
Abstract:
Estrogens, steroid hormones critically involved in reproductive processes of vertebrates, signal primarily through their intracellular estrogen receptors (ERs). The ERs belong to a superfamily of nuclear receptors that act as ligand inducible transcription factors. Herein, we review what is known about ER structure, subtypes, mechanism(s) of action and auto-regulation by estrogens. Focus is placed on the ER in fish but comparisons are made to mammals and other vertebrates. Finally, we provide context and a proposed model integrating our knowledge on autoregulation of the receptor and its functions in the liver. Future areas of study are suggested, along with cautions when designing experiments, especially for the detection of endocrine disruptors.
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