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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
The Extracellular Matrix01:42

The Extracellular Matrix

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The two-faced T cell epitope: examining the host-microbe interface with JanusMatrix.

Leonard Moise1, Andres H Gutierrez, Chris Bailey-Kellogg

  • 1Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax Inc.; Providence, RI USA.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|April 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The new JanusMatrix tool reveals differences in T cell receptor (TCR) cross-reactivity between human, microbiome, and pathogen epitopes. This immunoinformatics approach helps predict T cell responses and could improve vaccine development.

Keywords:
T cell epitopeT cell receptorTCRagretopecomputational immunologycross-reactivityepitopeimmunodominanceimmunoinformaticsregulatory T cellvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • T cell receptor (TCR) cross-reactivity is a known characteristic, where one TCR can bind multiple epitopes.
  • Understanding TCR interactions is crucial for immunology, vaccine development, and disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and introduce JanusMatrix, an immunoinformatics tool to assess TCR cross-reactivity.
  • To explore TCR cross-reactivity patterns between human genome, microbiome, and pathogen-derived epitopes.
  • To investigate potential applications in predicting T cell phenotypes and heterologous immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of JanusMatrix, an extension of the EpiMatrix tool.
  • Computational analysis of TCR cross-reactivity using sequence data from human genomes, microbiomes, and pathogens.
  • Exploration of cross-reactivity patterns for regulatory and effector T cell epitopes.

Main Results:

  • JanusMatrix identified distinct TCR cross-reactivity profiles for T cell epitopes from self, microbiome, and pathogens.
  • Observed differences in cross-reactivity were linked to T cell epitope immunodominance (e.g., Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease) and regulatory T cell (Treg) epitope behavior.
  • The study highlights the potential of computational approaches to analyze complex epitope relationships.

Conclusions:

  • JanusMatrix is a novel algorithm for assessing TCR cross-reactivity.
  • The tool may aid in predicting T cell responses and understanding epitope-driven immunity.
  • Further studies using JanusMatrix could advance vaccine design and understanding of immune responses to pathogens.