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Related Concept Videos

Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...

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Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
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Published on: March 18, 2019

The generation of secondary saccades without postsaccadic visual feedback.

Sven Ohl1, Stephan A Brandt, Reinhold Kliegl

  • 1Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. svenohl@uni-potsdam.de

Journal of Vision
|April 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Secondary saccades adjust eye movements even without visual feedback. An extraretinal error signal, influenced by target eccentricity, guides these corrective eye movements.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Primary saccades, rapid eye movements, are often followed by secondary saccades.
  • Secondary saccades are thought to correct primary saccade endpoint errors.
  • Retinal feedback is one known influence, but extraretinal signals are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of extraretinal signals in secondary saccade programming.
  • To determine if secondary saccades are influenced by primary saccade error without visual feedback.
  • To explore the impact of target eccentricity on secondary saccade characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Studied secondary saccades in the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback.
  • Analyzed secondary saccade latency and amplitude in relation to primary saccade error.
  • Examined the influence of target eccentricity on the relationship between primary saccade landing position and secondary saccade metrics.

Main Results:

  • Secondary saccade latency and amplitude were found to depend on primary saccade error, even without visual feedback.
  • Secondary saccades showed a directional bias opposite to the primary saccade error (undershoot vs. overshoot).
  • The relationship between primary saccade landing position and secondary saccade characteristics varied with target eccentricity.

Conclusions:

  • An extraretinal error signal contributes to secondary saccade programming.
  • Initial target eccentricity and this extraretinal signal jointly influence postsaccadic motor map activity.
  • These findings advance understanding of eye movement control mechanisms beyond visual feedback.