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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Reprogramming and the pluripotent stem cell cycle.

Tomomi Tsubouchi1, Amanda G Fisher

  • 1MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|April 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess a unique cell cycle with short Gap phases, favoring DNA Synthesis. This atypical cell cycle is crucial for maintaining pluripotency and enhancing reprogramming efficiency.

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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Cell cycle regulation
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exhibit self-renewal and pluripotency.
  • Differentiated cells can acquire ESC features during reprogramming.
  • ESCs have an unusual cell cycle with short Gap (G) phases and a predominant DNA Synthesis (S) phase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge of cell cycle regulation in ESCs.
  • To explore the role of the ESC cell cycle in maintaining pluripotency.
  • To outline how the unique ESC cell cycle contributes to reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ESCs and cell cycle regulation.
  • Analysis of evidence linking cell cycle dynamics to pluripotency.
  • Synthesis of information on the impact of cell cycle on reprogramming efficiency.

Main Results:

  • The predominant S phase and short G phases in ESCs are a hallmark of their cell cycle.
  • Evidence suggests this cell cycle structure is vital for maintaining pluripotency.
  • The atypical cell cycle may enhance the efficiency of pluripotent conversion in target cells.

Conclusions:

  • The unique cell cycle of ESCs is intrinsically linked to their pluripotent state.
  • Understanding ESC cell cycle regulation is key to improving reprogramming strategies.
  • This cell cycle characteristic likely plays a significant role in successful experimental reprogramming.