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Updated: May 12, 2026

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Signaling moderation: TGF-β in exocrine gland development, maintenance, and regulation
Adrian J McNairn1, Marion Brusadelli, Géraldine Guasch
1Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Abstract:
The TGF-β superfamily is involved in embryonic development and regulation of many cellular processes. Importantly, these signaling molecules have been increasingly revealed to play a crucial role in exocrine gland maintenance and regulation. TGF-β is involved in controlling the branching morphogenesis that is common to most exocrine glands, including: mammary gland, salivary, prostate, and in sebaceous gland regulation. In this review, we explore the molecular mechanisms and uses of TGF-β in crafting the microenvironment of epithelial tissues surrounding these exocrine glands and how perturbations in the signaling pathway affect their differentiation and proper development.
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