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Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

[Hereditary hearing loss: Part 1: diagnostic overview and practical advice].

W F Burke¹, T Lenarz, H Maier

¹Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland. Burke.William@MH-Hannover.de

|April 17, 2013

Summary

Congenital hearing loss affects 1-5 in 1000 children, with genetics implicated in 50-70% of cases. This article guides genetic testing decisions for non-syndromic and syndromic hearing loss.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

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Simple Surgical Induction of Conductive Hearing Loss with Verification Using Otoscope Visualization and Behavioral Clap Startle Response in Rat

Simple Surgical Induction of Conductive Hearing Loss with Verification Using Otoscope Visualization and Behavioral Clap Startle Response in Rat

Published on: October 26, 2019

Area of Science:

Genetics
Otolaryngology
Medical Diagnostics

Context:

Congenital hearing loss is a common birth defect, impacting 1-5 per 1000 newborns.
Genetic factors are suspected in 50-70% of congenital hearing loss cases.
Over 130 genetic loci are linked to hearing loss, with ongoing gene discovery.

Purpose:

To provide insight into the complexities of genetic hearing loss.
To guide decision-making for genetic testing in patients with hearing loss.
To differentiate between non-syndromic and syndromic forms of genetic hearing loss.

Summary:

Hearing loss is the most common congenital sensory defect.
Genetic mutations are a significant cause of congenital hearing loss.
Genetic testing is crucial for diagnosis and management, with over 130 identified loci.

Impact:

Informs clinical practice regarding genetic testing protocols for hearing loss.
Highlights the substantial economic and societal burden of deafness.
Facilitates personalized medicine approaches for hearing loss treatment.