Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...
Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Canary in the Coal Mine: Prerandomization Transfusion, Enrichment With Transfusion-Tolerant Individuals, and the Manufactured Bias of Threshold Trials.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2026
Same author

Beyond vital signs: oxygen delivery, oxygen utilization, and the limits of physiologic signal after red cell transfusion.

Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue·2026
Same author

Whole Blood and Components in Trauma Resuscitation: The Whole Truth.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2026
Same author

Patient autonomy and Patient Blood Management: lessons from the Pindo Mulla v. Spain Case.

Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue·2026
Same author

Perioperative Resuscitation and Life Support (PeRLS): An Update.

Anesthesiology·2026
Same author

Interventions for iron deficiency with or without anaemia in visceral surgery: recommendations for future research.

BJA open·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo
08:53

A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo

Published on: January 10, 2025

Update on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

Lawrence Tim Goodnough1, Aryeh Shander

  • 1Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. ltgoodno@stanford.edu

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
|April 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) effectively treat anemia but carry risks like thrombosis and cardiovascular events. Patient informed consent is crucial for managing anemia risks versus benefits.

More Related Videos

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload
05:23

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

Identification and Analysis of Mouse Erythroid Progenitors using the CD71/TER119 Flow-cytometric Assay
15:32

Identification and Analysis of Mouse Erythroid Progenitors using the CD71/TER119 Flow-cytometric Assay

Published on: August 5, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo
08:53

A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo

Published on: January 10, 2025

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload
05:23

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

Identification and Analysis of Mouse Erythroid Progenitors using the CD71/TER119 Flow-cytometric Assay
15:32

Identification and Analysis of Mouse Erythroid Progenitors using the CD71/TER119 Flow-cytometric Assay

Published on: August 5, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are approved for anemia management.
  • Clinical trials aimed to improve survival by targeting normal/high hemoglobin levels.
  • Previous trials revealed adverse outcomes with ESA use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the risks and benefits of ESAs in anemia management.
  • To emphasize the importance of informed patient choice regarding ESA therapy and blood transfusions.
  • To assess the efficacy of ESAs despite regulatory restrictions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data concerning ESA therapy.
  • Analysis of adverse events associated with ESAs in specific patient populations.
  • Evaluation of ESA efficacy in preventing transfusion dependence.

Main Results:

  • Adverse outcomes including death, thrombosis, and cardiovascular events were observed in trials targeting normal/high hemoglobin.
  • ESAs demonstrated effectiveness in treating anemia, especially for patients at risk of transfusion.
  • Informed consent process should include discussion of ESA risks and transfusion alternatives.

Conclusions:

  • ESA therapy for anemia requires careful consideration of risks, particularly cardiovascular events and thrombosis.
  • Patient-centered decision-making, including informed consent, is paramount in managing anemia with ESAs.
  • Despite risks and regulations, ESAs remain valuable for treating anemia, especially in transfusion-dependent patients.