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Related Concept Videos

Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction facilitates the...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
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Carbonatite ring-complexes explained by caldera-style volcanism.

Magnus Andersson1, Alireza Malehmir, Valentin R Troll

  • 1Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Scientific Reports
|April 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbonatite ring-complexes, rare magmatic rocks, are now understood to form via caldera-style volcanism. Geophysical data reveal a magma chamber linked to surface features, clarifying carbonatite emplacement processes.

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Area of Science:

  • * Geology and Volcanology
  • * Petrology and Magmatic Systems

Background:

  • * Carbonatites are rare, carbonate-rich magmatic rocks crucial for understanding crustal and mantle processes.
  • * The deeper plumbing systems of carbonatite ring-complexes are typically poorly understood.
  • * Carbonatites occur globally across geological time scales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the geological and geophysical characteristics of carbonatite ring-complexes.
  • * To determine the subsurface structure and emplacement mechanisms of carbonatites.
  • * To compare carbonatite magmatism with known volcanic caldera systems.

Main Methods:

  • * Geophysical investigation of the Alnö carbonatite ring-complex.
  • * Analysis of subsurface structures and magma chamber geometry.
  • * Integration of geophysical data with surface geological observations.

Main Results:

  • * Identification of a solidified, saucer-shaped magma chamber at approximately 3 km depth.
  • * A ring fault system connects the magma chamber to surface exposures.
  • * Caldera subsidence facilitated carbonatite eruptions, linking plutonic and eruptive features.

Conclusions:

  • * Carbonatite ring-complexes can be explained by caldera-style volcanism.
  • * The storage, transport, and eruption of carbonatite magmas resemble those of silicic calderas.
  • * This study provides a new model for understanding carbonatite emplacement.