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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
11:52

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

CD109 plays a role in osteoclastogenesis.

Yongqiang Wang1, Maayan Inger, Hongwei Jiang

  • 1Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Plos One
|April 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

CD109 is a novel factor that regulates osteoclastogenesis, the process of forming bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Suppressing CD109 in vitro reduces osteoclast formation, suggesting its importance in this process.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
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Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro
07:03

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

Published on: June 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells crucial for bone remodeling, derived from monocyte/macrophage precursors.
  • Osteoclastogenesis is a complex process regulated by factors like M-CSF and RANKL, with many regulators yet to be identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel regulatory factors involved in osteoclastogenesis.
  • To investigate the role of CD109 in the differentiation and fusion of osteoclast precursor cells.

Main Methods:

  • Microarray analysis comparing fusing and non-fusing pre-osteoclast cell lines.
  • Validation of gene expression using RT-qPCR and Western blot.
  • Functional assessment of osteoclast formation using CD109 knockdown cell lines.

Main Results:

  • CD109 expression was significantly upregulated during osteoclast differentiation in multiple cell types.
  • CD109 knockdown cell lines exhibited reduced capacity for forming multinucleated osteoclasts.
  • CD109 is expressed in monocytes during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • CD109 is identified as a novel factor involved in osteoclastogenesis.
  • Suppression of CD109 impairs osteoclast formation, highlighting its regulatory role.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate CD109's function in osteoclast differentiation.