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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

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Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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A classification system for crestal and radicular dentoalveolar bone phenotypes.

George A Mandelaris1, Brian S Vence, Alan L Rosenfeld

  • 1Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA. GMandelari@aol.com

The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry
|April 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Understanding dentoalveolar bone thickness is crucial for dental treatments. This study introduces a new classification for crestal and radicular bone phenotypes to enhance risk assessment for better esthetic and functional outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Periodontology

Background:

  • Pretreatment assessment of dentoalveolar bone dimensions is vital for successful esthetic and functional outcomes.
  • Existing classifications may not adequately differentiate between crestal and radicular bone zones.
  • Discrepancies in anterior arches and achieving anterior protected articulation necessitate precise risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel classification system for dentoalveolar bone phenotypes.
  • To differentiate between the alveolar crestal zone and the radicular zone.
  • To classify facial bone thickness within these zones for improved interdisciplinary dentofacial therapy risk assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Defining the crestal bone zone from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to 4 mm apical.
  • Defining the radicular bone zone from 4 mm apical to the CEJ to the root apex.
  • Categorizing bone phenotypes as thick (≥ 1 mm facial bone width) or thin (< 1 mm facial bone width).

Main Results:

  • A new classification differentiating crestal and radicular dentoalveolar bone zones is presented.
  • Bone thickness is classified as either thick (≥ 1 mm) or thin (< 1 mm) in both zones.
  • This classification aids in evaluating facial bone width at specific dentoalveolar regions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed classification enhances the understanding of dentoalveolar bone phenotypes.
  • Accurate assessment of crestal and radicular bone thickness improves risk stratification in dentofacial therapies.
  • This system supports interdisciplinary treatment planning for esthetic and functional predictability.