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Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Published on: December 22, 2016

Electroencephalography and analgesics.

Lasse Paludan Malver¹, Anne Brokjaer, Camilla Staahl

¹Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

|April 19, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (EPs) are valuable objective biomarkers for assessing pain medication efficacy. This review highlights their use in clinical trials, noting consistent effects for opioids and ketamine but variable results for other analgesics.

Keywords:

analgesics electroencephalography evoked potentials pain pharmacologic actions

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Clinical Trials

Background:

Objective, standardized methods are crucial for assessing centrally mediated analgesic mechanisms in pain patients.
Electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (EPs) offer significant advantages for clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current findings on analgesics assessed using spontaneous EEG and EPs in humans.
To discuss EEG methodologies for animal-to-human translation and predicting analgesic efficacy.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of PubMed using MeSH terms: 'analgesics', 'electroencephalography', and 'evoked potentials'.
Analysis of 15 articles on spontaneous EEG and 55 papers on EPs, including reference list searches.

Main Results:

Opioids typically increased delta band activity in EEG; EPs showed decreased amplitudes.
Ketamine (NMDA antagonist) increased theta band EEG activity and decreased EP amplitudes.
Anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants showed inconsistent EEG and EP effects; weak analgesics primarily affected EPs.

Conclusions:

Spontaneous EEG and EPs are established biomarkers for analgesic drug effects.
Methodological variations exist, necessitating a more uniform approach to enhance their value in drug development and personalized treatment prediction.