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Related Concept Videos

Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
Anthelminthic Agents01:15

Anthelminthic Agents

Anthelmintic drugs differ significantly from antiparasitic therapies targeting protozoa, primarily due to differences in parasite biology. Whereas most protozoal treatments act on proliferating cells, anthelmintics are typically directed against mature, nonproliferative helminths. The therapeutic approach considers the helminth's reliance on neuromuscular coordination, glucose metabolism, and microtubular integrity for survival, reproduction, and localization within the host. Most anthelmintics...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds
08:54

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Published on: February 14, 2018

Hydroxyaldimines as potent in vitro anticryptococcal agents.

T F F Magalhães1, C M da Silva, Â de Fátima

  • 1Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

Letters in Applied Microbiology
|April 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New hydroxyaldimine compounds show potent activity against Cryptococcus fungal infections. These promising agents exhibit low toxicity, offering potential for developing novel anticryptococcal therapies.

Keywords:
Cryptococcus speciesSchiff basesaldiminesanticryptococcal activity

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds
08:54

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Published on: February 14, 2018

Assessing the Putative Anticryptococcal Properties of Crude and Clarified Extracts from Mollusks
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Assessing the Putative Anticryptococcal Properties of Crude and Clarified Extracts from Mollusks

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Quantifying the Antifungal Activity of Peptides Against Candida albicans
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Quantifying the Antifungal Activity of Peptides Against Candida albicans

Published on: January 13, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Mycology
  • Antimicrobial Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Cryptococcosis poses a significant health threat due to drug resistance and limited treatment options.
  • Existing antifungal drugs have side effects and variable efficacy.
  • There is a critical need for new anticryptococcal agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the in vitro anticryptococcal activity of nine novel hydroxyaldimine compounds.
  • To assess the efficacy and selectivity of these compounds against Cryptococcus spp.
  • To identify potential lead compounds for new antifungal drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Broth microdilution assays were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.
  • Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined.
  • Antiproliferative activity was assessed on VERO cells to calculate the Selectivity Index (SI).

Main Results:

  • All nine hydroxyaldimines demonstrated in vitro activity against Cryptococcus spp. strains.
  • Compounds 3A9 and 3B7 exhibited the highest potency against Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans.
  • Compounds 3B10, 3C3, 3D3, and 3D9 showed favorable selectivity indices, indicating good candidates for further study.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxyaldimines effectively inhibit the growth of Cryptococcus spp. in vitro.
  • The tested compounds display low toxicity against normal cell lines.
  • Hydroxyaldimines represent promising lead compounds for the development of novel, selective, and effective anticryptococcal agents.